Glossary U.S. History
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abolition (AB uh LIHSH uhn) n. the movement to end slavery. (p. 440)
abridge (uh BRIHJ) v. to reduce. (p. 266)
AEF n. the American Expeditionary Force, U.S. forces during World War I. (p. 686)
affirmation (AF uhr MAY shuhn) n. a statement declaring that something is true. (p. 257)
African Diaspora (AF rih kuhn dy AS puhr uh) n. the forced removal of Africans from their homelands to serve as slave labor in the Americas. (p. 78)
Albany Plan of Union n. the first formal proposal to unite the American colonies, put forth by Benjamin Franklin. (p. 149)
Alien and Sedition (si DISH uhn) Acts n. a series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants to the United States. (p. 306)
Allies (AL yz) n. an alliance of Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy, and seven other countries during World War I. (p. 680)
ally (AL eye) n. a country that agrees to help another country achieve a common goal. (p. 200)
American Federation of Labor (AFL) n. a national organization of labor unions founded in 1886. (p. 603)
American System n. a plan introduced in 1815 to make the United States economically self-sufficient. (p. 354)
Anaconda (AN uh KAHN duh) Plan n. a strategy by which the Union proposed to defeat the Confederacy in the Civil War. (p. 484)
Angel Island n. the first stop in the United States for most immigrants coming from Asia. (p. 615)
Antifederalist (AN tee FED uhr uh list) n. a person who opposed the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. (p. 234)
Anti-Imperialist (AN tee im PEER y uh LIZT) League n.a group of well-known Americans that believed the United States should not deny other people the right to govern themselves. (p. 667)
Appalachian (AP uh LAY chee uhn) Mountains n. a mountain range that stretches from eastern Canada south to Alabama. (p. 126)
appellate (uh PEL it) adj. having power to review court decisions. (p. 260)
Appomattox (AP uh MAT uhks) Court House n. the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War. (p. 519)
apprentice (uh PREN tis) n. a beginner who learns a trade or a craft from an experienced master. (p. 137)
appropriation (uh PROH pree AY shuhn) n. public funds set aside for a specific purpose. (p. 253)
archaeologist (AHR kee AHL uh jist) n. a scientist who studies the human past by examining the things people left behind. (p. 27)
armistice (AHR mi stis) n. an end to fighting. (p. 690)
Articles of Confederation n. a document, adopted by the Continental Congress in 1777 and finally approved by the states in 1781, that outlined the form of government of the new United States. (p. 222)
artifact (AHR tuh FAKT) n. a tool or other object made by humans. (p. 27)
artillery (ahr TIL uhr ee) n. a cannon or large gun. (p. 177)
artisan (AHR ti zuhn) n. a skilled worker, such as a weaver or a potter, who makes goods by hand; a craftsperson. (p. 117)
assimilation (uh SIM uh LAY shuhn) n. the process of blending into society. (p. 616)
baby boom n. the term for the generation born between 1946 and 1961, when the U.S. birthrate sharply increased following World War II. (p. 801)
Backcountry n. a colonial region that ran along the Appalachian Mountains through the far western part of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies. (p. 109)
Bacon’s Rebellion n. a revolt against powerful colonial authority in Jamestown by Nathaniel Bacon and a group of landless frontier settlers that resulted in the burning of Jamestown in 1676. (p. 89)
bail (bayl) n. money paid as security by arrested persons to guarantee they will return for trial. (p. 268)
Battle of Antietam (an TEE tuhm) n. a Civil War battle in 1862 in which 25,000 men were killed or wounded. (p. 497)
Battle of Fallen Timbers n. in 1794, an American army defeated 2,000 Native Americans in a clash over control of the Northwest Territory. (p. 299)
Battle of Gettysburg (GET eez BURG) n. an 1863 battle in the Civil War in which the Union defeated the Confederacy, ending hopes for a Confederate victory in the North. (p. 513)
Battle of Quebec (kwi BEK) n. a battle won by the British over the French, and the turning point in the French and Indian War. (p. 150)
Battle of Shiloh (SHY loh) n. an 1862 battle in which the Union forced the Confederacy to retreat in some of the fiercest fighting in the Civil War. (p. 494)
Battle of Yorktown n. the last major battle of the Revolutionary War, which resulted in the surrender of British forces in 1781. (p. 210)
Battle of the Alamo (AL uh MOH) n. in 1836, Texans defended a church called the Alamo against the Mexican army; all but five Texans were killed. (p. 403)
Battle of the Little Bighorn n. an 1876 battle in which the Sioux and the Cheyenne wiped out an entire force of U.S. troops. (p. 565)
Battle of the Thames (temz) n. an American victory over the British in the War of 1812, which ended the British threat to the Northwest Territory. (p. 332)
Battles of Saratoga (SAR uh TOH guh) n. a series of conflicts between British soldiers and the Continental Army in 1777 that proved to be a turning point in the Revolutionary War. (p. 199)
bayonet (BAY uh net) n. a long steel knife attached to the end of a gun. (p. 202)
Bear Flag Revolt n. the 1846 rebellion by Americans against Mexican rule in California. (p. 409)
Benin (buh NIN) n. a West African kingdom that arose near the Niger River delta in the 1300s. (p. 43)
Bessemer (BES uh muhr) steel process n. a new way of making steel that was developed in the 1850s
and caused steel production to soar. (p. 587)
bill of attainder (uh TAYN duhr) n. a law that condemns a person without a trial in court. (p. 255)
Bill of Rights n. the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, added in 1791, and consisting of a formal list of citizens’ rights and freedoms. (p. 237)
black code n. a law passed by Southern states that limited the freedom of former slaves. (p. 534)
blockade n. when armed forces prevent the transportation of goods or people into or out of an area.
(p. 484)
boomtown n. a town that has a sudden burst of economic or population growth. (p. 558)
border state n. a slave state that bordered states in which slavery was illegal. (p. 482)
Boston Massacre (MAS uh kuhr) n. a clash between British soldiers and Boston colonists in 1770, in which five of the colonists, including Crispus Attucks, were killed. (p. 165)
Boston Tea Party n. the dumping of 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor by colonists in 1773 to protest the Tea Act. (p. 167)
bounty (BOWN tee) n. a reward or cash payment given by a government. (pp. 271, 508)
Boxer Rebellion n. in 1900, Chinese resentment toward foreigners’ attitude of cultural superiority resulted in this violent uprising. (p. 669)
boycott (BOI KOT) n. a refusal to buy certain goods. (p. 161)
buck n. a buckskin from an adult male deer was a unit of money for settlers. (p. 127)
buffalo soldier n. a name given by Native Americans to African Americans serving in the U.S. army in the West. (p. 570)
business cycle n. the pattern of good times and bad times in the economy. (p. 586)
cabinet n. a group of department heads who serve as the president’s chief advisers. (p. 294)
California gold rush n. in 1849, large numbers of people moved to California because gold had been discovered there. (p. 413)
caravel (KAR uh VEL) n. a ship with triangular sails that allowed it to sail into the wind and with square sails that carried it forward when the wind was at its back. (p. 49)
cash crop n. a crop grown by a farmer to be sold for money rather than for personal use. (p. 115)
cavalry n. soldiers on horseback. (p. 496)
Centennial (sen TEN ee uhl) Exhibition n. an exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876 that celebrated America’s 100th birthday. (p. 588)
Central Powers n. an alliance of Austria-Hungary, Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria during World War I. (p. 680)
charter n. a written contract issued by a government giving the holder the right to establish a colony. (p. 87)
checks and balances n. the ability of each branch of government to exercise checks, or controls, over the other branches. (p. 246)
Chinese Exclusion Act n. enacted in 1882, this law banned Chinese immigration for ten years. (p. 617)
civil disobedience (DIS uh BEE dee uhns) n. peacefully refusing to obey laws one considers unjust. (p. 431)
civilization (SIV uh li ZAY shuhn) n. a form of culture characterized by city trade centers, specialized workers, organized forms of government and religion, systems of record keeping, and advanced tools. (p. 29)
civil rights n. rights granted to all citizens. (p. 535)
clan n. a large group of families that claim a common ancestor. (p. 127)
Clayton Antitrust Act n. a law passed in 1914 that laid down rules forbidding business practices that lessened competition; it gave the government more power to regulate trusts. (p. 648)
Cold War n. the state of hostility, without direct military conflict, that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II. (p. 717)
Columbian (kuh LUM bee uhn) Exchange n. the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Western and the Eastern hemispheres. (p. 74)
committee of correspondence n. a group of people in the colonies who exchanged letters on colonial affairs. (p. 166)
common law n. a system of law developed in England, based on customs and previous court decisions. (p. 268)
Compromise of 1850 n. a series of Congressional laws intended to settle the major disagreements between free states and slave states. (p. 461)
Compromise of 1877 n. the agreement that resolved an 1876 election dispute: Rutherford B. Hayes became president and then removed the last federal troops from the South. (p. 548)
compulsory process n. a required procedure. (p. 267)
Conestoga (KON i STOW guh) wagon n. a vehicle with wide wheels, a curved bed, and a canvas cover used by American pioneers traveling west. (p. 117)
Confederate States of America n. the confederation formed in 1861 by the Southern states after their secession from the Union. (p. 473)
conquistador (kon KWIS tuh DAWR) n. a Spaniard who traveled to the Americas as an explorer and a conqueror in the 16th century. (p. 63)
conscription (kuhn SKRIP shuhn) n. a law that required men to serve in the military or be drafted. (p. 508)
Constitutional Convention n. a meeting held in 1787 to consider changes to the Articles of Confederation; resulted in the drafting of the Constitution. (p. 229)
containment (kuhn TAYN muhnt) n. the blocking by one nation of another nation’s attempts to spread influence—especially the efforts of the United States to block the spread of Soviet Communism during the late 1940s and early 1950s. (p. 793)
Continental Army n. a colonial force authorized by the Second Continental Congress in 1775, with George Washington as its commanding general. (p. 177)
convene (kuhn VEEN) v. to call together. (p. 259)
convoy system n. a heavy guard of destroyers that escorts merchant ships during wartime. (p. 687)
cooperative (koh OP uhr uh tiv) n. an organization owned and run by its members. (p. 577)
Copperheads n. Abraham Lincoln’s main political opponents; they favored peace with the South. (p. 508)
corporation n. a business owned by investors who buy part of the company through shares of stock. (p. 594)
cotton gin n. a machine invented in 1793 that cleaned cotton much faster and far more efficiently than human workers. (p. 348)
counterculture (KOWN tuhr KUL chur) n. a group of young people with values and lifestyles in opposition to those of the established culture. (p. 725)
Crittenden (KRIT uhn duhn) Plan n. a compromise introduced in 1861 that might have prevented secession. (p. 475)
Crusades (kroo SAYDZ) n. a series of wars to capture the Holy Land, launched in 1096 by European Christians. (p. 45)
culture (KUL chuhr) n. a way of life shared by people with similar arts, beliefs, and customs. (p. 28)
Dawes (dawz) Act n. a law, enacted in 1887, that distributed reservation land to individual owners.
(p. 567)
Declaration of Independence n. the document, written in 1776, in which the colonies declared independence from Britain. (p. 180)
Delegate n. a representative from a state.
department store n. a store that sells everything from clothing to furniture to hardware. (p. 627)
depression n. a severe economic slump. (p. 386)
desert (di ZURT) v. to leave military duty without intending to return. (p. 203)
direct primary n. voters, rather than party conventions, choose candidates to run for public office. (p. 640)
diversity (di VUR si tee) n. a variety of people. (p. 117)
doctrine of nullification (NUL uh fi KAY shuhn) n. a right of a state to reject a federal law that it considers unconstitutional. (p. 381)
domestication (doh MES ti KAY shuhn) n. the practice of breeding plants or taming animals to meet human needs. (p. 28)
Dred Scott v. Sandford n. an 1856 Supreme Court case in which a slave, Dred Scott, sued for his freedom because he had been taken to live in territories where slavery was illegal; the Court ruled against Scott. (p. 467)
due process of law n. fair treatment under the law. (p. 267)
elector n. a voter. (p. 249)
Ellis Island n. the first stop in the United States for most immigrants coming from Europe. (p. 614)
Emancipation (i MAN suh PAY shuhn) Proclamation n. an executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freeing the slaves in all regions in rebellion against the Union. (p. 504)
Embargo (em BAHR goh) Act of 1807 n. an act that stated that American ships were no longer allowed to sail to foreign ports, and it also closed American ports to British ships. (p. 328)
emigrant (EM i gruhnt) n. a person who leaves a country. (p. 423)
encomienda (en koh mee YEN duh) n. a grant of Native American labor. (p. 72)
English Bill of Rights n. an agreement signed by William and Mary to respect the rights of English citizens and of Parliament, including the right to free elections. (p. 144)
enlightenment (en LYT n muhnt) n. an 18th-century movement that emphasized the use of reason and the scientific method to obtain knowledge. (p. 140)
enumeration (i NOO muh RAY shuhn) n. an official count, such as a census. (p. 249)
equity (EK wi tee) n. a system of justice not covered under common law. (p. 269)
Erie (EER ee) Canal n. completed in 1825, this waterway connected New York City and Buffalo, New York. (p. 355)
Espionage (ES pee uh NAHZH) Act n. passed in 1917, this law set heavy fines and long prison terms for antiwar activities and for encouraging draft resisters. (p. 692)
European Middle Ages n. a period from the late 400s to about the 1300s, during which Europeans turned to feudalism and the manor system. (p. 44)
exoduster (EKS suh duhs tuhr) n. an African American who left the South for the West and compared himself or herself to Biblical Hebrews who left slavery in Egypt. (p. 575)
ex post facto (EKS pohst FAK toh) law n. a law that would make an act a criminal offense after it was committed. (p. 255)
factory system n. a method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building. (p. 341)
fall line n. the point at which a waterfall prevents large boats from moving farther upriver. (p. 126)
famine (FAM in) n. a severe food shortage. (p. 426)
fascism (FASH iz uhm) n. a political philosophy that advocates a strong, centralized, nationalistic government headed by a powerful dictator. (p. 756)
federalism n. a system of government where power is shared among the central (or federal) government and the states. (pp. 234, 245)
Federalists n. supporters of the Constitution. (p. 234)
Federalist Papers n. a series of essays defending and explaining the Constitution. (p. 235)
Federal Judiciary (joo DISH ee ER ee) Act n. it helped create a court system and gave the Supreme Court six members. (p. 294)
Federal Reserve Act n. a law passed in 1913 that “created” the nation’s banking system and instituted a flexible currency system. (p. 648)
felony (FEL uh nee) n. a serious crime. (p. 253)
feudalism (FYOOD l IZ uhm) n. a political system in which the king allows nobles the use of his land in exchange for their military service and their protection of people living on the land. (p. 44)
Fifteenth Amendment n. passed in 1870, this amendment to the U.S. Constitution stated that citizens could not be stopped from voting “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” (p. 546)
54th Massachusetts Regiment n. one of the first African-American regiments organized to fight for the Union in the Civil War. (p. 506)
First Battle of Bull Run n. an 1861 battle of the Civil War in which the South shocked the North with a victory. (p. 485)
foreign (FAWR in) policy n. relations with the governments of other countries. (p. 304)
Fort Sumter n. a federal fort located in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the Southern attack on Fort Sumter marked the beginning of the Civil War. (p. 481)
forty-niner n. a person who went to California to find gold, starting in 1849. (p. 412)
Fourteen Points n. President Woodrow Wilson’s goals for peace after World War I. (p. 695)
Fourteenth Amendment n. an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, passed in 1868, that made all persons born or naturalized in the United States— including former slaves—citizens of the country.
(p. 535)
First Continental Congress n. a meeting of delegates in 1774 from all the colonies except Georgia to uphold colonial rights. (p. 171)
Freedmen’s Bureau n. a federal agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War. (p. 533)
freedmen’s school n. a school set up to educate newly freed African Americans. (p. 541)
Free Soil Party n. a political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery. (p. 459)
French and Indian War n. a conflict in North America from 1754 to 1763 that was part of a worldwide struggle between France and Britain; Britain defeated France and gained French Canada. (p. 147)
frontier (frun TEER) n. unsettled or sparsely settled area occupied largely by Native Americans. (p. 557)
Fugitive Slave Act n. an 1850 law to help slaveholders recapture runaway slaves. (p. 462)
French Revolution n. in 1789, the French launched a movement for liberty and equality. (p. 301)
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut n. a set of laws that were established in 1639 by a Puritan congregation who had settled in the Connecticut Valley and that expanded the idea of representative government. (p. 95)
generator n. a machine that produces electric current. (p. 587)
Ghana (GAH nuh) n. a West African empire in the 8th–11th centuries A.D. (p. 39)
Gilded (gil did) Age n. an era during the late 1800s of fabulous wealth. (p. 596)
“Glorious Revolution” n. the overthrow of English King James II in 1688 and his replacement by William and Mary. (p. 144)
gold standard n. a policy under which the government backs every dollar with a certain amount of gold. (p. 577)
Grange (graynj) n. formed in 1867, the Patrons of Husbandry tried to meet the social needs of farm families. (p. 577)
Great Awakening n. a revival of religious feeling in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s. (p. 139)
Great Compromise n. the Constitutional Convention’s agreement to establish a two-house national legislature, with all states having equal representation in one house and each state having representation based on its population in the other house. (p. 232)
Great Depression n. a period, lasting from 1929 to 1941, in which the U.S. economy was in severe decline and millions of Americans were unemployed. (p. 709)
Great Migration n. the movement of Puritans from England to establish settlements around the world, including 20,000 who sailed for America (p. 94); the movement of African Americans between 1910 and 1920 to northern cities from the South. (p. 693)
Great Plains n. the area from the Missouri River to the Rocky Mountains. (p. 557)
Great Society n. a program started by President Lyndon Johnson that provided help to the poor, the elderly, and women, and also promoted education and outlawed discrimination. (p. 724)
greenback n. paper currency issued by the federal government during the Civil War. (p. 509)
gristmill (GRIST MIL) n. a mill in which grain is ground to produce flour or meal. (p. 115)
guerrilla (guh RIL uh) n. a soldier who weakens the enemy with surprise raids and hit-and-run attacks. (p. 207)
hacienda (HAH see EN duh) n. a large farm or estate. (p. 72)
Harlem Renaissance n. a flowering of African- American artistic creativity during the 1920s, centered in the Harlem community of New York City. (p. 709)
Harpers Ferry n. a federal arsenal in Virginia that was captured in 1859 during a slave revolt. (p. 469)
Hausa (HOW suh) n. a West African people who lived in what is now northern Nigeria after A.D. 1000.
(p. 42)
hawk n. a person who supports war. (p. 847)
Haymarket affair n. in 1886, a union protest resulted in about 100 dead after an unknown person threw a bomb, and police opened fire on the crowd. (p. 602)
Holocaust ( HOL uh KAWST) n. the systematic killing by Germany during World War II of about six million Jews as well as millions from other ethnic groups. (p. 716)
homestead n. land to settle on and farm. (p. 568)
Homestead Act n. passed in 1862, this law offered 160 acres of land free to anyone who agreed to live on and improve the land for five years. (p. 574)
House of Burgesses n. created in 1619, the first representative assembly in the American colonies. (p. 88)
Hudson River school n. a group of artists living in the Hudson River Valley in New York. (p. 430)
Hull House n. founded in 1889, a model for other settlement houses of the time. (p. 613)
hygiene (HY JEEN) n. conditions and practices that promote health. (p. 490)
immigrant n. a person who settles in a new country. (p. 423)
immunity n. legal protection. (p. 262)
impeachment n. the process of accusing a public official of wrongdoing. (p. 249)
imperialism n. the policy by which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker nations or territories. (p. 659)
impressment n. the act of seizing by force. (p. 327)
inaugurate (in AW gyuh RAYT) v. to swear in or induct into office in a formal ceremony. (p. 293)
income tax n. a tax on earnings. (p. 509)
indentured servant n. a person who sold his or her labor in exchange for passage to America. (p.88)
Indian Removal Act n. this 1830 act called for the government to negotiate treaties that would require Native Americans to relocate west. (p. 376)
Indian Territory n. present-day Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska to which Native Americans were moved under the Indian Removal Act of 1830. (p. 376)
indictment (in DYT muhnt) n. a written statement issued by a grand jury charging a person with a crime. (p. 250)
indigo n. a plant grown in the Southern colonies that yields a deep blue dye. (p. 121)
individual right n. a personal liberty and privilege guaranteed to U.S. citizens by the Bill of Rights. (p. 247)
Industrial Revolution n. in late 18th-century Britain, factory machines began replacing hand tools and manufacturing replaced farming as the main form of work. (p. 341)
inferior court n. a court with less authority than the Supreme Court. (p. 260)
inflation n. an increase in the price of goods and services and a decrease in the value of money.
(p. 386)
initiative (i NISH uh tiv) n. the procedure that allows voters to propose a law directly. (p. 640)
inoperative adj. no longer in force. (p. 274)
insurrection (IN suh REK shuhn) n. open revolt against a government. (p. 271)
GLOSSARY
interchangeable part n. a part that is exactly like another part. (p. 343)
Intolerable Acts n. a series of laws enacted by Parliament in 1774 to punish Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party. (p. 170)
ironclad n. a warship covered with iron. (p. 491)
Iroquois (IR uh KWOH) League n. a 16th-century alliance of the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca Native American groups living in the eastern Great Lakes region. (p. 37)
irrigation n. the practice of bringing water to crops. (p. 29)
Islam (is LAHM) n. a religion founded by the prophet Muhammad in the 600s, which teaches that there is one God, named Allah. (p. 41)
Jacksonian Democracy n. the idea of spreading political power to all the people, thereby ensuring majority rule. (p. 370)
Jamestown n. the first permanent English settlement in North America. (p. 87)
Jay’s Treaty n. the agreement that ended dispute over American shipping during the French Revolution. (p. 302)
jazz n. a new kind of music in the 1920s that captured the carefree spirit of the times. (p. 717)
Jim Crow n. laws meant to enforce separation of white and black people in public places in the
South. (p. 621)
joint-stock company n. a business in which investors pool their wealth in order to turn a profit. (p. 86)
judicial (joo DISH uhl) review n. the principle that the Supreme Court has the final say in interpreting the Constitution. (p. 317)
Judiciary (joo DISH ee ER ee) Act of 1801 n. a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new spots with Federalists. (p. 316)
Kansas-Nebraska Act n. an 1854 law that established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and gave their residents the right to decide whether to allow slavery. (p. 464)
kayak (KY AK) n. a small boat made of animal skins. (p. 33)
King Cotton n. cotton was called king because cotton was important to the world market, and the South grew most of the cotton for Europe’s mills. (p. 484)
King Philip’s War n. a war between the Puritan colonies and Native Americans in 1675–1676. (p. 96)
Knights of Labor n. an organization of workers from all different trades formed after the Civil War. (p. 601)
Ku Klux Klan n. a group formed in 1866 that wanted to restore Democratic control of the South and to keep former slaves powerless; the group called for a “racially and morally pure” America. (pp. 544)
labor union n. a group of workers who band together to seek better working conditions. (p. 434)
Land Ordinance of 1785 n. a law that established a plan for surveying and selling the federally owned lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. (p. 223)
land speculator n. a person who buys huge areas of land for a low price and then sells off small sections of it at high prices. (p. 394)
League of Nations n. an organization set up after World War I to settle international conflicts. (p. 695)
leisure (LEE zhuhr) n. free time. (p. 627)
Lewis and Clark expedition n. a group led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark who explored the lands of the Louisiana Purchase beginning in 1803. (p. 320)
Lexington and Concord n. sites in Massachusetts of the first battles of the American Revolution. (p. 173)
limited government n. the principle that requires all U.S. citizens, including government leaders, to obey the law. (p. 247)
lode n. a deposit of mineral buried in rock. (p. 558)
Lone Star Republic n. the nickname of the republic of Texas, given in 1836. (p. 405)
long drive n. taking cattle by foot to a railway. (p. 560)
Louisiana (loo EE zee AN uh) Purchase n. the 1803 purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France. (p. 319)
Lowell mills n. textile mills located in the factory town of Lowell, Massachusetts, founded in 1826. (p. 342)
Loyalist n. an American colonist who supported the British in the American Revolution. (p. 173
mail-order catalog n. a publication that contains pictures and descriptions of items so that people can order by mail. (p. 627)
Magna Carta n. “Great Charter;” a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, approved by King John in 1215. (p. 141)
Mali (MAH lee) n. a West African empire from the 13th–15th centuries that grew rich from trade. (p. 41)
manifest destiny n. the belief that the United States was destined to stretch across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. (p. 407)
manor system n. a system in which lords divided their lands into estates, which were farmed mostly by serfs who received protection from the lord in return. (p. 45)
Marbury v. Madison n. an 1803 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish laws by declaring them unconstitutional. (p. 317)
mass culture n. a common culture experienced by large numbers of people. (p. 626)
matrilineal (MAT ruh LIN ee uhl) adj. a society in which ancestry is traced through the mother. (p. 36)
Mayflower Compact n. an agreement established by the men who sailed to America on the Mayflower, which called for laws for the good of the colony and set forth the idea of self-government. (p. 93)
melting pot n. a place where cultures blend. (p. 616)
mercantilism (MUHR kuhn tee LIZ uhm) n. an economic system in which nations increase their wealth and power by obtaining gold and silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade. (p. 61)
mercenary (MUR suh NER ee) n. a professional soldier hired to fight for a foreign country. (p. 195)
Mexican Cession (sesh uhn) n. a vast region given up by Mexico after the War with Mexico; it included the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona, and parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming. (p. 411)
Mexicano (may hi KAH noh) n. a person of Spanish descent whose ancestors had come from Mexico and settled in the Southwest. (p. 570)
Middle Passage n. the middle leg of the triangular trade route—the voyage from Africa to the Americas—that brought captured Africans into slavery. (p. 78)
migrate v. to move from one location to another. (p. 27)
militarism n. the belief that a nation needs a large military force. (p. 679)
militia (muh LISH uh) n. a force of armed civilians pledged to defend their community during the American Revolution. (p. 170); an emergency military force that is not part of the regular army. (p. 254)
minié (MIN ee) ball n. a bullet with a hollow base. (p. 491)
Minuteman n. a member of the colonial militia who was trained to respond “at a minute’s warning.” (p. 170)
misdemeanor (mis di MEE nuhr) n. a violation of the law. (p. 259)
mission n. a settlement created by the Church in order to convert Native Americans to Christianity. (p. 72)
missionary n. a person sent by the Church to preach, teach, and convert native peoples to Christianity. (p. 61)
Missouri Compromise n. a series of laws enacted in 1820 to maintain the balance of power between slave states and free states. (p. 358)
monopoly n. a company that eliminates its competitors and controls an industry. (p. 595)
Monroe Doctrine n. a policy of U.S. opposition to any European interference in the Western Hemisphere, announced by President Monroe in 1823. (p. 359)
Mormon n. a member of a church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830. (p. 397)
Mound Builder n. an early Native American who built large earthen structures. (p. 31)
mountain man n. a fur trapper or explorer who opened up the West by finding the best trails through the Rocky Mountains. (p. 393)
muckraker n. around 1900, the term for a journalist who exposed corruption in American society. (p. 640)
Muslim (MUZ luhm) n. a follower of Islam. (p. 41)
nationalism n. a feeling of pride, loyalty, and protectiveness toward one’s country. (p. 354)
nativist n. a native-born American who wanted to eliminate foreign influence. (p. 428)
natural-born citizen n. a citizen born in the United States or a commonwealth of the United States or to parents who are U.S. citizens living outside the country. (p. 257)
GLOSSARY
naturalization n. a way to give full citizenship to a person born in another country. (pp. 253, 270)
Navigation Acts n. a series of laws passed by Parliament, beginning in 1651, to ensure that England made money from its colonies’ trade. (p. 112)
navigator n. a person who plans the course of a ship while at sea. (p. 49)
Nazi (NAHT see) Party n. the National Socialist German Workers’ Party; came to power under Adolf Hitler in the 1930s. (p. 712)
neutral (NOO truhl) adj. not siding with one country or the other. (p. 302)
neutrality (noo TRAL i tee) n. refusing to take sides in a war. (p. 682)
New Deal n. President Franklin Roosevelt’s programs to fight the Great Depression. (p. 710)
New France n. a fur-trading post established in 1608 that became the first permanent French settlement in North America. (p. 70)
new immigrant n. a person from southern or eastern Europe who entered the United States after 1900. (p. 614)
New Jersey Plan n. a plan of government proposed at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 that called for a one-house legislature in which each state would have one vote. (p. 231)
Nineteenth Amendment n. an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1920, which gave
women full voting rights. (p. 653)
Northwest Ordinance n. it described how the Northwest Territory was to be governed and set conditions for settlement and settlers’ rights. (p. 223)
Northwest Territory n. territory covered by the Land Ordinance of 1785, which included land that formed the states of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota. (p. 223)
Olive Branch Petition n. July 1775 congress drafted this document sent to London. This document asked the king to restore harmony between Britain and the colonies.
Open Door Policy n. in 1899, the United States asked nations involved in Asia to follow a policy in which no one country controlled trade with China. (p. 669)
Oregon Trail n. a trail that ran westward from Independence, Missouri, to the Oregon Territory. (p. 396)
overseer n. a worker hired by a planter to watch over and direct the work of slaves. (p. 122)
pacifist (PAS uh fist) n. a person morally opposed to war. (p. 209)
Palmer raids n. in 1920, federal agents and police raided the homes of suspected radicals. (p. 697)
Panama (PAN uh MAH) Canal n. a shortcut through Panama that connects the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. (p. 670)
Panic of 1837 n. a financial crisis in which banks closed and the credit system collapsed. (p. 386)
Panic of 1873 n. a financial crisis in which banks closed and the stock market collapsed. (p. 547)
Parliament (PAHR luh muhnt) n. England’s chief lawmaking body. (p. 142)
patent n. a government document giving an inventor the exclusive right to make or sell his or her invention for a specific number of years. (p. 586)
Patriot n. an American colonist who sided with the rebels in the American Revolution. (p. 173)
patroon (puh TROON) n. a person who brought 50 settlers to New Netherland and in return received a large land grant and other special privileges. (p. 101)
petroleum n. an oily, flammable liquid. (p. 585)
philanthropist (fil LAN thruh pist) n. a person who gives large sums of money to charities. (p. 596)
Pickett’s Charge n. General George Pickett led a direct attack on Union troops during the 1863 Civil War battle at Gettysburg; the attack failed. (p. 513)
piedmont n. a broad plateau that leads to the foot of a mountain range. (p. 126)
Pilgrim n. a member of the group that rejected the Church of England, sailed to America, and founded the Plymouth Colony in 1620. (p. 92)
Pinckney’s (PINGK neez) Treaty n. a 1795 treaty with Spain that allowed Americans to use the Mississippi River and to store goods in New Orleans; made the 31st parallel the southern U.S. border. (p. 302)
plantation n. a large farm that raises cash crops. (p. 73)
platform n. a statement of beliefs. (p. 471)
Platt Amendment n. a result of the Spanish- American War, which gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs when there was a threat to “life, property, and individual liberty.” (p. 666)
Plessy v. Fergusonn. an 1896 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that separation of the races in public accommodations was legal. (p. 621)
political machine n. an organization that influences enough votes to control a local government. (p. 613)
political party n. a group of people that tries to promote its ideas and influence government, and also backs candidates for office. (p. 304)
Pontiac’s (PON tee AKS) Rebellion n. a revolt against British forts and American settlers in 1763, led in part by Ottawa war leader Pontiac, in response to settlers’ claims of Native American lands and to harsh treatment by British soldiers. (p. 151)
popular sovereignty (SOV uhr in tee) n. a government in which the people rule (p. 244); a system in which the residents vote to decide an issue. (p. 463)
Populist Party n. also known as the People’s Party and formed in the 1890s, this group wanted a policy that would raise crop prices. (p. 577)
prejudice (PREJ uh dis) n. a negative opinion that is not based on facts. (p. 427)
printing press n. a machine invented about 1455 by Johannes Gutenberg. (p. 47)
privateer (PRY vuh TEER) n. a privately owned ship that has government permission during wartime to attack an enemy’s merchant ships. (p. 204)
Proclamation (PRAHK luh MAY shuhn) of 1763 n. an order in which Britain prohibited its American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. (p. 151)
profit n. money a business makes, after subtracting the costs of doing business from the income. (p. 48)
progressivism (pruh GREHS ih VIHZ uhm) n. an early 20th-century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life. (p. 639)
propaganda (PRAHP uh GAN duh) n. an opinion expressed for the purpose of influencing the actions of others. (p. 692)
proprietary (pruh PRY ih TEHR ee) colony n. a colony with a single owner. (p. 101)
pro tempore (proh TEHM puh ree) adv. Latin phrase meaning “for the time being.” (p. 250)
Pullman Strike n. a nationwide railway strike that spread throughout the rail industry in 1894. (p. 603)
Puritan n. a member of a group from England that settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 and sought to reform the practices of the Church of England. (p. 94)
push-pull factor n. a factor that pushes people out of their native lands and pulls them toward a new place. (p. 424)
Quaker (KWAY kuhr) n. a person who believed all people should live in peace and harmony; accepted different religions and ethnic groups. (p. 101)
quarter v. to give a place to stay. (p. 267)
Quartering Act n. a law passed by Parliament in 1765 that required the colonies to house and supply British soldiers. (p. 160)
quorum (KWAWR uhm) n. the minimum number of members that must be present for official business to take place. (p. 251)
racial (RAY shuhl) discrimination (dih SKRIHM uh NAY shuhn) n. different treatment based on a person’s race. (p. 620)
racism (RAY SIHZ uhm) n. the belief that some people are inferior because of their race. (p. 79)
radical (RAD ih kuhl) n. a person who takes extreme political positions. (p. 313)
Radical Republican (rih PUHB lih kuhn) n. a congressman who, after the Civil War, favored using the government to create a new order in the South and to give African Americans full citizenship and the right to vote. (p. 533)
ragtime n. a blend of African-American songs and European musical forms. (p. 629)
ratification (RAT uh fih KAY shuhn) n. official approval. (p. 264)
recall v. to vote an official out of office. (p. 640)
Reconstruction n. the process the U.S. government used to readmit the Confederate states to the Union after the Civil War. (p. 533)
Red Scare n. in 1919–1920, a wave of panic from fear of a Communist revolution. (p. 697)
referendum (REHF uh REHN duhm) n. when a proposed law is submitted to a vote of the people.
(p. 640)
Reformation n. a 16th-century religious movement to correct problems in the Roman Catholic Church. (p. 47)
Renaissance (REHN ih SAHNS) n. a period of European history, lasting from the 1300s to 1600, that brought increased interest in art and learning. (p. 46)
rendezvous (RAHN day VOO) n. a meeting. (p. 197)
reprieve (rih PREEV) n. a delay or cancellation of punishment. (p. 259)
republic (rih PUHB lihk) n. a government in which people elect representatives to govern for them. (p. 222)
republicanism (rih PUHB lih keh NIHZ uhm) n. the belief that government should be based on the consent of the people; people exercise their power by voting for political representatives. (pp. 214, 245)
Republican Party n. the political party formed in 1854 by opponents of slavery in the territories.
(p. 466)
reservation n. land set aside by the U.S. government for Native American tribes. (p. 562)
revenue (REHV uh noo) n. income a government collects to cover expenses. (pp. 160, 252)
revival (rih VY vuhl) n. a meeting designed to reawaken religious faith. (p. 433)
rifle n. a gun with a grooved barrel that causes a bullet to spin through the air. (p. 491)
robber baron n. a business leader who became wealthy through dishonest methods. (p. 594)
romanticism (roh MAN tih SIHZ uhm) n. a European artistic movement that stressed the individual, imagination, creativity, and emotion. (p. 429)
Roosevelt Corollary (KAWR uh lehr ee) n. a 1904 addition to the Monroe Doctrine allowing the United States to be the “policeman” in Latin America. (p. 672)
Rough Rider n. a member of the First United States Volunteer Cavalry, organized by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War. (p. 665)
royal colony n. a colony ruled by governors appointed by a king. (p. 103)
salutary (SAL yuh TEHR ee) neglect n. a hands-off policy of England toward its American colonies during the first half of the 1700s. (p. 144)
Sand Creek Massacre (MAS uh kuhr) n. an 1864 attack in which more than 150 Cheyenne men, women, and children were killed by the Colorado militia. (p. 564)
Santa Fe (SAN tuh FAY) Trail n. a trail that began in Missouri and ended in Santa Fe, New Mexico. (p. 395)
secede (sih SEED) v. to withdraw. (p. 473)
secession (sih SEHSH uhn) n. withdrawal. (p. 383)
Second Battle of the Marne (mahrn) n. a 1918 battle during World War I that marked the turning point in the war; allied troops along with Americans halted the German advance into France. (p. 689)
Second Continental Congress n. a governing body whose delegates agreed, in May 1775, to form the Continental Army and to approve the Declaration of Independence. (p. 177)
Second Great Awakening n. the renewal of religious faith in the 1790s and early 1800s. (p. 433)
sectionalism (SEHK shuh nuh LIHZ uhm) n. the placing of the interests of one’s own region ahead of the interests of the nation as a whole. (p. 357)
Sedition (sih DIHSH uhn) Act n. a 1918 law that made it illegal to criticize the war; it set heavy fines and long prison terms for those who engaged in antiwar activities. (p. 692)
segregation (SEHG rih GAY shuhn) n. separation, especially of races. (p. 621)
Seneca (SEHN ih kuh) Falls Convention n. a women’s rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. (p. 444)
separation of powers n. the division of basic government roles into branches. (p. 246)
servitude (SUR vih TOOD) n. a state of belonging to an owner or master. (p. 270)
Seven Days’ Battles n. an 1862 Civil War battle in which the Confederacy forced the Union to retreat before it could capture the Southern capital of Richmond. (p. 496)
Seventeenth Amendment n. an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1913, that provided for the direct election of U.S. senators. (p. 648)
sharecropping n. a system in which landowners gave farm workers land, seed, and tools in return for a part of the crops they raised. (p. 543)
Shays’s (SHAY zuhz) Rebellion n. an uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts farmers in 1787. (p. 225)
Sherman Antitrust Act n. a law passed in 1890 that made it illegal for corporations to gain control of industries by forming trusts. (p. 641)
Siege (seej) of Vicksburg n. an 1863 Union victory in the Civil War that enabled the Union to control the entire Mississippi River. (p. 516)
Sixteenth Amendment n. an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1913, that gave Congress the power to create income taxes. (p. 647)
slash-and-burn agriculture (ag rih kuhl chuhr) n. a farming method in which people clear fields by cutting and burning trees and grasses, the ashes of which fertilize the soil. (p. 37)
slave code n. a law passed to regulate the treatment of slaves. (p. 79)
slavery n. the practice of holding a person in bondage for labor. (p. 76)
slum n. a neighborhood with overcrowded and dangerous housing. (p. 612)
smuggle v. to illegally import or export goods. (p. 112)
social gospel (GAHS puhl) n. a movement aimed at improving the lives of the poor. (p. 612)
socialism n. an economic system in which all members of a society are equal owners of all businesses; members share the work and the profits. (p. 602)
sodbuster n. a farmer on the frontier. (p. 575)
Songhai (SAWNG HY) n. a West African empire that succeeded Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591. (p. 42)
Sons of Liberty n. a group of colonists who formed a secret society to oppose British policies at the time of the American Revolution. (p. 161)
Spanish-American War n. a war in 1898 that began when the United States demanded Cuba’s independence from Spain. (p. 664)
Spanish Armada (ahr MAH duh) n. a fleet of ships sent in 1588 by Philip II, the Spanish king, to invade England and restore Roman Catholicism. (p. 69)
sphere of influence n. an area where foreign nations claim special rights and economic privileges. (p. 669)
spiritual n. a religious folk song. (p. 351)
spoils system n. the practice of winning candidates giving government jobs to political backers or supporters. (p. 373)
Stamp Act n. a 1765 law passed by Parliament that required all legal and commercial documents to carry an official stamp showing a tax had been paid. (p. 160)
standard time n. a system adopted in 1918 that divided the United States into four time zones. (p. 592)
states’ rights n. theory that said that states had the right to judge when the federal government had passed an unconstitutional law. (p. 307)
steerage n. the cheapest deck or place on a ship. (p. 423)
Stono (STOH noh) Rebellion n. a 1739 uprising of slaves in South Carolina, leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws. (p. 123)
strategy n. an overall plan of action. (p. 196)
strike v. to stop work to demand better working conditions. (p. 434)
subsistence farm n. a farm that produces enough food for the family with a small additional amount for trade. (p. 110)
suffrage n. the right to vote. (pp. 262, 444)
Sugar Act n. a law passed by Parliament in 1764 that placed a tax on sugar, molasses, and other products shipped to the colonies; also called for harsh punishment of smugglers. (p. 160)
sweatshop n. a place where workers labored long hours under poor conditions for low wages. (p. 600)
Tammany (TAM uh nee) Hall n. a famous political machine, located in New York City in the late 19th century. (p. 613)
tariff n. a tax on imported goods. (p. 296)
Tariff of Abominations n. an 1828 law that raised the tariffs on raw materials and manufactured goods; it upset Southerners who felt that economic interests of the Northeast were determining national economic policy. (p. 381)
Tea Act n. gave British East India Company control over the American tea trade. Colonists would pay a tax on this regulated tea. (p.166)
technology n. the use of tools and knowledge to meet human needs. (p. 32)
Tejano (tuh HAH noh) n. a person of Spanish heritage who considered Texas to be home. (p. 400)
temperance movement n. a campaign to stop the drinking of alcohol. (p. 434)
tender n. money. (p. 255)
tenement n. an apartment building that is usually run-down and overcrowded. (p. 611)
Thirteenth Amendment n. an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1865, banning slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States. (p. 521)
Three-Fifths Compromise n. the Constitutional Convention’s agreement to count three-fifths of a state’s slaves as population for purposes of representation and taxation. (p. 232)
Townshend (TOWN zuhnd) Acts n. a series of laws passed by Parliament in 1767 that suspended New York’s assembly and established taxes on goods brought into the British colonies. (p. 163)
Trail of Tears n. the tragic journey of the Cherokee people from their homeland to Indian Territory between 1838 and 1839; thousands of Cherokee died. (p. 377)
transcendentalism (TRAN sen DEN tl IZ uhm) n. a 19thcentury philosophy that taught the spiritual world is more important than the physical world and that people can find truth within themselves through feeling and intuition. (p. 431)
transcontinental (TRANS kon tuh NEN tl) railroad n. a railroad that spanned the entire continent. (p. 590)
Treaty of Ghent (gent) n. treaty, signed in 1814, which ended the War of 1812; no territory exchanged hands and trade disputes were not resolved. (p. 333)
Treaty of Greenville n. a 1795 agreement in which 12 Native American tribes surrendered much of present-day Ohio and Indiana to the U.S. government. (p. 300)
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (GWAHD loop hi DAH goh) n. the 1848 treaty ending the U.S. war with Mexico; Mexico ceded nearly one-half of its land to the United States. (p. 410)
Treaty of Paris n. the 1763 treaty that ended the French and Indian War; Britain gave up all of North America east of the Mississippi River. (p. 150)
Treaty of Paris of 1783 n. the treaty that ended the Revolutionary War, confirming the independence of the United States and setting the boundaries of the new nation. (p. 212)
Treaty of Tordesillas (TAWR duh SEE uhs) n. the 1494 treaty in which Spain and Portugal agreed to divide
the lands of the Western Hemisphere between them and moved the Line of Demarcation to the west. (p. 61)
Treaty of Versailles (vuhr SY) n. the 1919 treaty that ended World War I. (p. 696)
trench warfare n. a kind of warfare during World War I in which troops huddled at the bottom of trenches and fired artillery and machine guns at each other. (p. 680)
triangular trade n. the transatlantic system of trade in which goods, including slaves, were exchanged between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America. (p. 111)
tribunal (try BYOO nuhl) n. a court. (p. 253)
trust n. a legal body created to hold stock in many companies, often in the same industry. (p. 595)
tundra (TUN druh) n. a treeless plain that remains frozen under its top layer of soil. (p. 33)
unanimous (yoo NAN uh muhs) consent n. complete agreement. (p. 264)
Uncle Tom’s Cabin n. a novel published by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 that portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral. (p. 462)
unconstitutional n. something that contradicts the law of the Constitution. (p. 317)
Underground Railroad n. a series of escape routes used by slaves escaping the South. (p. 442)
urbanization n. growth of cities resulting from industrialization. (p. 609)
U.S.S. Maine n. a U.S. warship that mysteriously exploded and sank in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, on February 15, 1898. (p. 663)
vaquero (vah KAIR oh) n. a cowhand that came from Mexico with the Spaniards in the 1500s. (p. 560)
vaudeville (VAWD vil) n. a form of live stage entertainment with a mixture of songs, dance, and comedy. (p. 629)
viceroyalty (VYS ROI uhl tee) n. a province ruled by a viceroy, who ruled in the king’s name. (p. 71)
Vietnam War (vee ET NAHM) n. a military conflict from 1957 to 1975 between the North Vietnam Communists and the non-Communist forces of South Vietnam supported by the United States. (p. 719)
vigilante (vij uh LAN tee) n. a person willing to take the law into his or her own hands. (p. 561)
Virginia Plan n. a plan proposed by Edmund Randolph, a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787, that proposed a government with three branches and a two-house legislature in which representation would be based on a state’s population or wealth. (p. 231)
war bond n. a low-interest loan by civilians to the government, meant to be repaid in a number of years. (p. 691)
War Hawk n. a westerner who supported the War of 1812. (p. 329)
Watergate scandal n. a scandal resulting from the Nixon administration’s attempt to cover up its involvement in the 1972 break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate apartment complex in Washington, D.C. (p. 720)
Webster-Hayne debate n. an 1830 debate between Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne over the doctrine of nullification. (p. 382)
Whig (hwig) Party n. a political party organized in 1834 to oppose the policies of Andrew Jackson. (p. 387)
Whiskey Rebellion n. a 1794 protest against the government’s tax on whiskey, which was valuable to the livelihood of backcountry farmers. (p. 301)
Wilderness Road n. the trail into Kentucky that woodsman Daniel Boone helped to build. (p. 221)
Wilmot (WIL muht) Proviso (pruh VY zoh) n. an 1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico. (p. 459)
World War II n. a war fought from 1939 to 1945, in which Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, the United States, and other allies defeated Germany, Italy, and Japan. (p. 713)
Wounded Knee Massacre n. the massacre by U.S. soldiers of 300 unarmed Native Americans at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, in 1890. (p. 566)
writ (rit) of assistance n. a search warrant that allowed British officers to enter colonial homes or businesses to search for smuggled goods. (p. 164)
XYZ Affair n. a 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats. (p. 306)
yellow journalism n. a style of journalism that exaggerates and sensationalizes the news. (p. 663)
Yoruba (YOH roo bah) n. a West African people who formed several states southwest of the Niger River. (p. 42)
Zimmermann telegram n. a message sent in 1917 by the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing a German-Mexican alliance and promising to help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if the United States entered World War I. (p. 682)